As modern society has made clear, women have the ability to perform with equal skill and success in virtually every endeavor engaged in by men -- including employment, athletics, academics and politics. Yet discrimination on the basis of sex has a long history in the United States, and its residual effects still operate to keep women's salaries lower and opportunities fewer in the employment realm. Although less common, men too can be subjected to unlawful sex discrimination. No matter what form it takes -- unequal pay, discriminatory job standards, or failure to promote -- numerous federal and state laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex. 

What Constitutes Sex Discrimination?

The essence of sex discrimination is unequal treatment on the basis of sex. The treatment must not simply be different, but also unequal, and therefore unfair. For example, requiring women and men to use separate restrooms does not constitute sex discrimination. But it is sex discrimination to provide different working conditions, salaries, hiring, promotion or bonus criteria to women and men. A unique form of sex discrimination is sexual harassment. Women and men have the right to secure and perform their jobs free of unwanted demands for romantic or sexual relationships, or unwanted communications or behaviors of a sexual nature that interfere with their ability to work.

Sex Discrimination and the Law: Title VII

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides strong protections against sex discrimination in employment. Specifically, Title VII makes it illegal for an employer:

"1) to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his [or her] compensation, terms, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's...sex...; or

"2) to limit, segregate, or classify employees or applicants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise affect [the individual's] status as an employee, because of such individual's...sex...."